FIDH published a 60-page comprehensive report on the death penalty in the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) in April 2009. Entitled "Iran: Death Penalty, A State Terror Policy", it covered the various aspects of the topic including: domestic laws, international legal framework, execution of juvenile offenders, religious and ethnic minorities, and methods of execution. According to the report, there are over 20 main categories of offences, some of them with several sub-categories, in the IRI, which are punishable by the death penalty. The majority of those "offences" are certainly not among "the most serious crimes." Some others should not be considered as "offences" at all. In conclusion, FIDH issued a wide set of recommendations to the IRI and the international community. Among others, it recommended the adoption of an immediate moratorium on executions in light of the serious shortcomings of the guarantees of due process and fair trial.
Unfortunately, the IRI has continued to be out of step with the rising trend of abolition of the death penalty worldwide. While an increasing number of countries each year join the list of abolitionists, the IRI persistently ranks 2nd, next to China, regarding the absolute number of executions, and first regarding the per capita executions in the world. Even China seemed to show signs of heeding the international calls when its Supreme Court urged judges to limit the use of death penalty to those convicted of "the most serious crimes" in February 2010. Furthermore, the IRI has continued with the practice of executing juvenile offenders and issuing stoning sentences.
The number of executions in the IRI increased from 346 in 2008 to 388 in 2009. Furthermore, the IRI executed no less than 5 juvenile offenders in 2009, ranking 1st as compared with Saudi Arabia that executed 2 juvenile offenders in the same year. 1 man was stoned to death in Rasht in March 2009 and stoning sentences continued to be issued. 2 lists of political prisoners on death row have recently appeared, one with 65 names and another with 56 names.
Post-election developments
In the aftermath of the vastly disputed outcome of the 12 June presidential election, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was declared the winner, thus triggering protests by millions of people; tens of people were killed, thousands were arrested (more than 3,000 persons currently remain in detention in connection with the post-election protests and their number is on the rise), many of whom were tortured and raped in prison, and a number of them were executed. In the span of 50 days after the election, from 12 June to the Presidential Inauguration Day on 5 August, no less than 115 executions were recorded. For the 1st time, some people were charged with moharebeh for having taken part in protests against fraud in elections.
On 28 January 2010, two prisoners, Arash Rahmanipour (20) and Mohammad Reza Ali Zamani (46) were the first to be executed for election-related offences. However, they had both been arrested several months before the 12 June election and deceived to make false confessions in exchange for release or mitigation of their sentences. Rahmanipour told his lawyer later that the officials had brought his pregnant sister to him and threatened to torture her if he refused to make the desired confession. According to Rahmanipour's lawyer, many of the actions he had been accused of related to the time when he was under 18 years of age. It was announced on the same day that 9 others were also facing the death sentence on similar charges.
The Iranian judiciary and the legislators of the applicable IPC have narrowly interpreted the Shiite sharia to apply the concepts of moharebeh and mofsed fel-arz to certain opponents of the government. Moharebeh is an Arabic term that literally means "fighting"; hence a mohareb is a fighter or warrior. Under the conventional sharia provisions as well as the IPC, strictly speaking, a mohareb is somebody who uses arms to terrorise the people. The IPC even stipulates that a person who fails to create fear by using arms is not a mohareb (Article 183). The sharia provisions have thus been overstretched to apply those concepts to members and supporters of political organisations and groups that have waged armed uprising against the Islamic government, even though they personally may not have used arms.
The most dramatic turn since the onset of post-election unrests has come with the decision to charge the post-election protestors with moharebeh and to execute them. This was clearly indicated following the execution of the 2 political prisoners on 28 January, after which the secretary-general of the Guardian Council, Ayatollah Jannati, praised the judiciary and called for more executions. This blatantly confirms that there is a political will to ignore standards of fair trial and due process and use the death penalty to terrorise the peaceful protestors not to pursue their demand for free and democratic elections, freedom of political prisoners, freedom of press, speech, assembly and association.
Collective executions
The practice of collective executions described in the FIDH report of April 2009 has been continued in Iran in the past few months. There have been several group executions since the publication of the FIDH report, e.g. 8 drug-related offenders in Taybad Prison, in the north-east, on 2 May 2009; 14 on 2 July; 20 on drug-related charges at Rajaieshahr Prison near the city of Karaj on 4 July; 24 other drugs-related offenders in the same prison on 30 July; and 13 members of an ethnic opposition group in Zahedan Prison on 14 July.
Religious minorities
Ahl-e Haq: Persecution of religious minorities went on unabated since the publication of the FIDH report on the death penalty in April 2009. Some members of Ahl-e Haq, a Sufi sect, have been sentenced to death. Mehdi Qasemzadeh, arrested with some other members of the sect, who had been sitting in prison since 2004, was executed on charge of moharebeh at the end of February 2009. Yunes Aqayan who was also a member of the same religious group and has been sitting in prison since 2004 was found guilty of fighting God and sentenced to death. His sentence was upheld in 2005. At some point in July 2009, there were reports that his death sentence had been implemented, but those reports could not be confirmed.
Baha'is: Persecution of the Baha'i minority has also continued. Seven members of the Bahai faith, responsible for the Baha'i community's religious and administrative affairs in Iran, who were arrested in March and May 2008, have ever since been under the threat of death sentence. They were told in May 2009 that they were facing charge of mofsed fel-arz (being corrupt on earth). After several postponements, the first session of their trial was held on 12 January 2010. The indictment accused them of "spying for foreigners", "propaganda against the system", "cooperation with Israel", passing classified documents to foreigners", "assembly and conspiracy with intent to act against the national security" and "corruption on earth." All those accusations and charges could carry the death punishment.
Followers of the Bahai faith have consistently been accused of spying for Israel and plotting against the regime, in a move to deprive them of their right to practise freely their religion. Most recently, officials have accused the Bahai community of involvement in post-election unrest to overthrow the Islamic regime. A deputy minister of intelligence even reported that 13-14 followers of the Bahai faith had been arrested for active involvement in unrests on 27 December 2009. The Tehran prosecutor alleged that weapons and bullets had been found in their homes.
Ethnic minorities
Ethnic groups have continued to be targeted in death penalty cases.
Kurds: No less than 21 Kurdish political prisoners are currently on death row. Most recently, two young Kurdish political prisoners were executed. On 11 November, Ehsan Fattahiyan, 28, charged with moharebeh through membership of the Kumala, a Kurdish opposition group, was executed in Sanandaj after the appeal court overturned his10-year imprisonment sentence issued by the court of first instance. Another young Kurdish man, Fassih Yassamani, 27, was executed in Khoy, north-western Iran, on 6 January 2010, on charge of moharebeh for membership of the Free Life Party of Kurdistan.
Baluchis: Members of the Baluch ethnic minority have also frequently been victims of executions. Sizable numbers of Baluch men have been executed after unfair trials on charge of moharebeh allegedly for membership of an armed opposition group, Peoples Resistance Movement of Iran (formerly known as Jondollah). 3 Baluch people charged with moharebeh were reportedly executed in public in Zahedan on 3 May 2009, in connection with a bombing in the city only 2 days after the incident which in itself demonstrates that they did not benefit from a fair trial, but were rather victims of an expeditious revengeful procedure. Other members of the Baluch minority, who were executed on the same charge, included 3 people on 30 May, 2 on 6 June, and 13 on 14 July, all in Zahedan.
Arabs: Members of the Arab ethnic group in Khuzestan have also been facing the force of repression. It was reported in October 2009 that 7 members of the community were at imminent risk of execution for "acting against national security" and killing a Shia cleric.
Juvenile offenders
As noted above, no less than 5 juvenile offenders have been executed in Iran in 2009. In addition to Molla Gol-Hassan, whose case was already reported in the FIDH report of April 2009, four others were executed later. They were Delara Darabi (f), executed on 1 May 2009, on charge of murder; Ali Jafari, on 20 May; Behnood Shoja'ei, on charge of murder on 11 October; and Mosleh Zamani on 17 December 2009 on charge of raping his girlfriend even though she consistently denied it. All were 17 at the time of the alleged crimes, but had been kept in prison for several years and executed when they were older. This is a common practice in the IRI. In addition, Arash Rahmanipour (see Post-election developments above) may also be considered as a possible juvenile offender.
Stoning
One man, Vali Azad, was stoned to death in Rasht, northern Iran, in March 2009. As in the case of Abdollah Farivar Moqaddam, two other people who had previously been sentenced to stoning were executed by hanging: Afsaneh R. (f) and Rahim Mohammadi. At the time of writing, at least eight women and three men were facing the stoning sentence. The women were: Iran Eskandari, Khayrieh Valania, Ashraf Kalhori, Kobra Babaei (wife of Rahim Mohammadi), Sakineh Mohammadi (in Tabriz, her appeal has been turned down twice), Hashemi-Nasab, M. Kh., Sorimeh Sajjadi (30, in Orumieh, mother of two). The three men were: Buali Janfeshani (32, in Orumieh, father of 1 child), Mohammad Ali Navid-Khomami and Naqi Ahmadi (sentenced in June 2008).
Domestic legal framework
The Islamic Penal Code has not been amended since the FIDH report was published in April 2009. Nevertheless, invoking Article 85 of the Constitution, majles (parliament) empowered its Judicial and Legal Affairs Committee to pass the draft bill, with 737 articles and 204 notes, to replace the applicable IPC. The House voted on 16 December 2009 to have the new law implemented for five years on trial basis. However, the Guardian Council, having examined it for discrepancies with the Constitution and the sharia, returned it to the House for amendments to no less than 80 Articles at the end of January 2010. The Guardian Council noted in conclusion of its opinion that "there are still numerous religious flaws and other ambiguities in the bill, which will be communicated later." At the time of writing, it is not clear yet how long it will take for the new bill to become law and replace the applicable IPC.
International legal framework
Under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to which Iran is a State party, member states may use the death penalty only for the most serious crimes, meaning intentional crimes with lethal or other extremely grave consequences. The charges and offences alleged by the Iranian judicial authorities against the post-election protestors, even if proved, do not amount to the most serious crimes."
Article 18 (1) of the ICCPR states: "Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion" On the other hand, the Iranian Constitution guarantees equality of all people regardless of their ethnic origin, language and race.
As a state party to both the ICCPR and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Iran has undertaken not to execute juvenile offenders.
The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child urged the IRI to suspend immediately the imposition and execution of all forms of torture, and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, such as amputation, flogging or stoning, for crimes committed by persons under 18.
Conclusion and recommendations
The Islamic Republic of Iran clearly violates its international human rights obligations as far as the application of the death penalty is concerned.
Recommendations to the IRI government:
- Stop execution of juvenile offenders
- Stop execution of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience
- Stop using the death penalty as a tool of repression against members of religious and ethnic minorities
- Stop cruel and inhuman punishments such as stoning
- As a 1st step toward its abolition, limit the use of death penalty to the most serious crimes as defined by international conventions
- Join the increasing number of countries worldwide and issue a moratorium on executions with a view to abolish the death penalty.
Recommendations to the international community:
We renew our urgent call for the international community to establish a monitoring mechanism concerning the human rights situation in Iran.
Source: International Federation for Human Rights, March 16, 2010
